![]() AI-based classification models trained through the transfer learning approach can efficiently classify the chest X-ray images representing studied diseases. The combination of two best-performing models (each trained on 286 images, rotated through 120° or 140° angle) displayed the highest prediction accuracy for normal, COVID-19, non-COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis images. Furthermore, we utilized the transfer learning approach for the training and testing of the classification models. To increase the dataset size and develop generalized models, we performed 25 different types of augmentations on the original images. We used publicly available PA chest X-ray images of adult COVID-19 patients for the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based classification models for COVID-19 and other major infectious diseases. The present study is aimed at creating efficient deep learning models, trained with chest X-ray images, for rapid screening of COVID-19 patients. Research efforts are on to develop less time-consuming methods to replace or to supplement RT-PCR-based methods. One of the significant challenges in this crisis is to identify and monitor the COVID-19 patients quickly and efficiently to facilitate timely decisions for their treatment, monitoring, and management. Receives blood from the pulmonary veins that run almost horizontally towards the left atrium.The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to global health and healthcare crisis, apart from the tremendous socioeconomic effects.However it can be helpful to know where the different compartments are situated. In many cases we can only tell whether the heart figure is normal or enlarged and it will be difficult to say anything about the different heart compartments. On a chest film only the outer contours of the heart are seen. This silhouette sign tells us that the pathology is located anteriorly in the chest. When there is a consolidation in the lingula with the same 'water density' as the heart, the normal silhouette of the left ventreicle will be lost (yellow arrow). When there is a pneumonia in the left lower lobe, which is located more posteriorly in the chest compared to the heart, the left ventricle will still be bordered by air in the lingula and we will still see the silhouette of the heart (blue arrow). The difference in density between the heart and the air in the lingula enables us to see the silhouette of the left ventricle. The heart is located anteriorly in the chest and it is bordered by the lingula of the left lung. Here an illustration to explain the silhouette sign: This is an important sign, because it enables us to find subtle pathology and to locate it within the chest. The loss of the normal silhouette of a structure is called t he silhouette sign. These are usely not well seen and we will not discuss them.Īn important mediastinal-lung interface to look for is the azygoesophageal line or recess (arrow). The anterior and posterior junction lines are formed where the upper lobes join anteriorly and posteriorly. Widening of the paratracheal line (> 2-3mm) may be due to lymphadenopathy, pleural thickening, hemorrhage or fluid overload and heart failure.ĭisplacement of the para-aortic line can be due to elongation of the aorta, aneurysm, dissection and rupture. The paraspinal line may be displaced by a paravertebral abscess, hemorrhage due to a fracture or extravertebral extension of a neoplasm. This is called the silhouette sign, which we will discuss later. These lines and silhouettes are useful localizers of disease, because they can be displaced or obscured with loss of the normal silhouette. Silhouette - for instance the normal silhouette of the aortic knob or left ventricle.Line or stripe - for instance the right para tracheal stripe.On the PA chest-film it is important to examine all the areas where the lung borders the diaphragm, the heart and other mediastinal structures.Īt these borders lung-soft tissue interfaces are seen resulting in a: Pathology of the heart, mediastinum, lungs and pleura, chest wall and abdomen.Systematic approach to the chest film using an inside-out approach.The interpretation of a chest film requires the understanding of basic principles. In fact every radiologst should be an expert in chest film reading. The chest x-ray is the most frequently requested radiologic examination. TI-RADS - Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System.Esophagus II: Strictures, Acute syndromes, Neoplasms and Vascular impressions.Esophagus I: anatomy, rings, inflammation.Vascular Anomalies of Aorta, Pulmonary and Systemic vessels.Contrast-enhanced MRA of peripheral vessels.Ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System.Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013.Transvaginal Ultrasound for Non-Gynaecological Conditions.Acute Abdomen in Gynaecology - Ultrasound.Appendicitis - Pitfalls in US and CT diagnosis.
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